The mechanisms of defense and dreaming.

This study examined the degree to which the phenomenological experience of dream intensity and its components are correlated with repression, splitting, and other defense mechanisms. The Dream Intensity Scale, Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Splitting Scale, Defense Style Questionnaire-40, and other related measures were administered to 583 subjects. It is demonstrated that repression as a personality trait is inversely and moderately related to the quantitative aspect of dream intensity (i.e., frequencies of dream awareness, nightmares, and multiple dreams in a single night) but does not influence qualitative sensory experiences in dreams (e.g., hearing sounds in dreams). Moreover, the present findings indicate that the more repressed people are, the less likely they are to report splitting and immature defenses, and the less frequently they experience dreams, with the effect of repression on defenses being greater than that on dream intensity. Accordingly, if both dreams and defense mechanisms are the critical materials to work through in a treatment, then starting with the former may be conducive to the therapeutic progress by provoking less resistance from the client. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evidence for the functions of surface‐active behaviors in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)

As part of their social sound repertoire, migrating humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) perform a large variety of surface‐active behaviors, such as breaching and repetitive slapping of the pectoral fins and tail flukes; however, little is known about what factors influence these behaviors and what their functions might be. We investigated the potential functions of surface‐active behaviors in humpback whale groups by examining the social and environmental contexts in which they occurred. Focal observations on 94 different groups of whales were collected in conjunction with continuous acoustic monitoring, and data on the social and environmental context of each group. We propose that breaching may play a role in communication between distant groups as the probability of observing this behavior decreased significantly when the nearest whale group was within 4,000 m compared to beyond 4,000 m. Involvement in group interactions, such as the splitting of a group or a group joining with other whales, was an important factor in predicting the occurrence of pectoral, fluke, and peduncle slapping, and we suggest that they play a role in close‐range or within‐group communication. This study highlights the potentially important and diverse roles of surface‐active behaviors in the communication of migrating humpback whales.     

Ultrafine Metal Nanoparticles/N‐Doped Porous Carbon Hybrids Coated on Carbon Fibers as Flexible and Binder‐Free Water Splitting Catalysts

By employing in situ reduction of metal precursor and metal‐assisted carbon etching process, this study achieves a series of ultrafine transition metal‐based nanoparticles (Ni–Fe, Ni–Mo) embedded in N‐doped carbon, which are found efficient catalysts for electrolytic water splitting. The as‐prepared hybrid materials demonstrate outstanding catalytic activities as non‐noble metal electrodes rendered by the synergistic effect of bimetal elements and N‐dopants, the improved electrical conductivity, and hydrophilism. Ni/Mo₂C@N‐doped porous carbon (NiMo‐polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)) and NiFe@N‐doped carbon (NiFe‐PVP) produce low overpotentials of 130 and 297 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm^?2 as catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, respectively. In addition, these binder‐free electrodes show long‐term stability. Overall water splitting is also demonstrated based on the couple of NiMo‐PVP||NiFe‐PVP catalyzer. This represents a simple and effective synthesis method toward a new type of nanometal–carbon hybrid electrodes.     

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Monolithic Co3Se4 Nanowire Electrodes for Oxygen Evolution and Overall Water Splitting with High Efficiency and Extraordinary Catalytic Stability

Cobalt selenide has been proposed to be an effective low‐cost electrocatalyst toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to its well‐suited electronic configuration. However, pure cobalt selenide has by far still exhibited catalytic activity far below what is expected. Herein, this paper for the first time reports the synthesis of new monoclinic Co₃Se₄ thin nanowires on cobalt foam (CF) via a facile one‐pot hydrothermal process using selenourea. When used to catalyze the OER in basic solution, the conditioned monolithic self‐supported Co₃Se₄/CF electrode shows an exceptionally high catalytic current of 397 mA cm^?2 at a low overpotential (η) of 320 mV, a small Tafel slope of 44 mV dec^?1, a turnover frequency of 6.44 × 10^?2 s^?1 at η = 320 mV, and excellent electrocatalytic stability at various current densities. Furthermore, an electrolyzer is assembled using two symmetrical Co₃Se₄/CF electrodes as anode and cathode, which can deliver 10 and 20 mA cm^?2 at low cell voltages of 1.59 and 1.63 V, respectively. More significantly, the electrolyzer can operate at 10 mA cm^?2 over 3500 h and at 100 mA cm^?2 for at least 2000 h without noticeable degradation, showing extraordinary operational stability.     

Hierarchically Structured 3D Integrated Electrodes by Galvanic Replacement Reaction for Highly Efficient Water Splitting

A NiFe‐based integrated electrode is fabricated by the spontaneous galvanic replacement reaction on an iron foam. Driven by the different electrochemical potentials between Ni and Fe, the dissolution of surface Fe occurs with electroless plating of Ni on iron foam with no need to access instrumentation and input energy. A facile cyclic voltammetry treatment is subsequently applied to convert the metallic NiFe to NiFeO_x . A series of analytical methods indicates formation of a NiFeO_x film of nanosheets on the iron foam surface. This hierarchically structured three dimensional electrode displays high activity and durability against water oxidation. In 1 m KOH, a current density of 1000 mA cm^?2 is achieved at an overpotential of only 300 mV. This method is readily extended to fabricate CoFe or NiCoFe‐based integrated electrodes for water oxidation. Phosphorization of the bimetallic oxide (NiFeO_x ) generates the bimetallic phosphide (NiFe‐P), which can act as an excellent electrocatalyst for hydrogen production in 1 m KOH. An alkaline electrolyzer is constructed using NiFeO_x and NiFe‐P coated iron foams as anode and cathode, which can realize overall water splitting with a current density of 100 mA cm^?2 at an overpotential of 630 mV.     

Defect‐Engineered Ultrathin δ‐MnO2 Nanosheet Arrays as Bifunctional Electrodes for Efficient Overall Water Splitting

Recently, defect engineering has been used to intruduce half‐metallicity into selected semiconductors, thereby significantly enhancing their electrical conductivity and catalytic/electrocatalytic performance. Taking inspiration from this, we developed a novel bifunctional electrode consisting of two monolayer thick manganese dioxide (δ‐MnO₂) nanosheet arrays on a nickel foam, using a novel in‐situ method. The bifunctional electrode exposes numerous active sites for electrocatalytic rections and displays excellent electrical conductivity, resulting in strong performance for both HER and OER. Based on detailed structure analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the remarkably OER and HER activity of the bifunctional electrode can be attributed to the ultrathin δ‐MnO₂ nanosheets containing abundant oxygen vacancies lead to the formation od Mn³⁺ active sites, which give rise to half‐metallicity properties and strong H₂O adsorption. This synthetic strategy introduced here represents a new method for the development of non‐precious metal Mn‐based electrocatalysts for eddicient energy conversion.     

Experimental and Theoretical Assessment of Ni‐Based Binary Compounds for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Metallic binary compounds have emerged in recent years as highly active and stable electrocatalysts toward the hydrogen evolution reaction. In this work, the origin of their high activity from a theoretical and experimental point of view is elucidated. Here, different metallic ceramics as Ni₃S₂, Ni₃N, or Ni₅P₄ are grown directly on Ni support in order to avoid any contaminations. The correlation of theoretical calculations with detailed material characterization and electrochemical testing paves the way to a deeper understanding of possible active adsorption sites for each material and the observed catalytic activity. It is shown that heteroatoms as P, S, and N actively take part in the reaction and do not act as simple spectator. Due to the anisotropic nature of the materials, a variety of adsorption sites with highly coverage‐dependent properties exists, leading to a general shift in hydrogen adsorption free energies ΔG _H close to zero. Extending the knowledge gained about the here described materials, a new catalyst is prepared by modifying a high surface Ni foam, for which current densities up to 100 mA cm^?2 at around 0.15 V (for Ni₃N) are obtained.     

荧光双分子互补分析Ezrin与L-periaxin的互作模式

腓骨肌萎缩症4F亚型是Periaxin基因的突变所导致一种脱髓鞘型遗传病. Periaxin蛋白是外周神经系统中特异且大量表达的蛋白,在髓鞘成熟与维护中发挥重要作用.而Ezrin是一种膜骨架连接蛋白,在细胞形态的维持、运动、黏附等方面发挥重要作用.在前期已证实L-periaxin与Ezrin间存在蛋白互作的基础上,本文通过分子荧光互补实验,结合免疫荧光定位实验、免疫共沉淀等技术,进一步分析并揭示了L-periaxin蛋白与Ezrin蛋白之间的互作方式,具体为L-periaxin(1 200 aa)与Ezrin(1 296 aa)以及L-periaxin (1 060～1 461 aa)与Ezrin(475～585 aa)以“头对头”与“尾对尾”的方式发生相互作用.Ezrin可能是一种引导L-periaxin在施万细胞膜上堆积的新的分子配体,二者可能通过蛋白分子间更加紧密的方式完成在细胞膜处的堆积,参与到髓鞘的维护中.